A new study from Amsterdam UMC offers reassuring news for transmasculine and gender-diverse individuals starting testosterone therapy. The research, published in eClinicalMedicine, found no increased risk of gynecological cancers in the early years of hormone use.
The study followed 1,955 young transmasculine and gender-diverse people who were assigned female at birth but identify as male, non-binary, or otherwise outside traditional gender norms. These individuals took testosterone for an average of five years. Researchers specifically looked for signs of cancer in the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and vulva.
“We found no cases of these cancers in the entire group,” said researcher Asra Vestering. “This is important information for both healthcare providers and anyone considering starting testosterone therapy.”
Testosterone is often used to help align a person’s physical appearance with their gender identity. It can cause deepening of the voice, increased body hair, and other changes that many transmasculine and gender-diverse people seek.
Reproductive Health Still Important
One unexpected finding was that, in some participants, the lining of the uterus remained active and signs of ovulation were still present—even while taking testosterone.
“This means that pregnancy is still possible,” said Wouter van Vugt, co-researcher on the study. “That’s why continued gynecological care and access to birth control are important, even after starting hormone therapy.”
Why This Study Matters
Until recently, transgender people in the Netherlands had to undergo surgery to change their legal gender. Now, more people are starting hormone therapy without surgery. This makes it even more important to understand the effects of treatments like testosterone on long-term health.
While this study shows no cancer risk in the short term, researchers stress the need for continued monitoring. “Our results are encouraging, but we still need long-term data,” said Vestering. “This study helps improve healthcare guidance now, but future research will help us ensure ongoing safety and well-being.”
The findings provide comfort to many who are beginning their gender-affirming journey, showing that early testosterone use appears safe from a gynecological cancer perspective. However, staying informed and connected to supportive healthcare remains key.
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