The thyroid gland plays a major role in a woman’s fertility. Experts advise regular testing, especially for couples trying to conceive. Monitoring thyroid function is a key step in managing reproductive health effectively.
What Is the Thyroid and Why Does It Matter?
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the neck. It is part of the endocrine system and produces two important hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones control the body’s metabolism and support heart health, weight management, body temperature, organ development, emotional well-being, and reproductive functions.
When the thyroid doesn’t work properly—either by producing too little (hypothyroidism) or too much hormone (hyperthyroidism)—it can affect many parts of the body, including the reproductive system.
How Thyroid Issues Affect Menstrual Cycles and Ovulation
Dr. Nikitha Murthy, a fertility expert, explains that thyroid hormones are essential for ovulation. Hormonal imbalances may disturb the menstrual cycle and reduce the chances of conception.
“Thyroid hormones play a vital role in the monthly cycle—from egg development to ovulation and shedding of the uterine lining. If the thyroid is underactive, ovulation may not happen regularly. This is called anovulation. It can lead to irregular periods and make it hard for women to get pregnant,” she says.
Thyroid Hormones and the Risk of Miscarriage
Beyond ovulation, thyroid hormones also affect early pregnancy. Dr. Murthy points out that the thyroid works closely with other hormones from the brain that influence the uterus.
“If thyroid hormone levels are too low, the uterine lining may not support implantation. This lowers the chances of pregnancy. During early pregnancy, the fetus depends on the mother’s thyroid hormones for development. Untreated thyroid disorders can increase the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, or birth defects,” she warns.
What Can Be Done: Diagnosis and Treatment
Dr. Murthy highlights three key areas of care:
Accurate Diagnosis: A thyroid function test measures thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 levels. This is commonly done as part of fertility checkups.
Treatment Options:
For hypothyroidism, doctors usually prescribe thyroid hormone replacement tablets.
For hyperthyroidism, treatment may include antithyroid drugs or radioactive iodine therapy, depending on the individual case.
Lifestyle Changes:
Eat a balanced diet rich in nutrients.
Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight.
Manage stress through relaxation techniques.
“Once treatment begins, thyroid levels should be checked every two to three months until they stabilize,” Dr. Murthy advises.
Conclusion
Thyroid health is deeply tied to fertility. Early testing and proper care can prevent many complications. For women planning a pregnancy, speaking with a doctor about thyroid screening can make a big difference in reproductive success.
